A brain tumour occurs when cells in the brain grow abnormally and form a mass. Some tumours begin in the brain itself, known as primary brain tumours. Others spread to the brain from cancer elsewhere in the body; these are known as secondary tumours or brain metastases.
Both types can affect how the brain works depending on their size, location and rate of growth.
In most cases, the exact cause of a brain tumour is not known. Researchers continue to investigate possible risk factors, but there is currently no clear evidence linking brain tumours to lifestyle, occupation, head injury or infections.
Most brain tumours are not inherited. However, in a small number of cases, they may be associated with genetic conditions. If you have concerns about your personal risk, it is always best to speak with your GP.
Brain tumour symptoms can vary depending on the size, type and location of the tumour. Some symptoms may develop gradually, while others can appear more suddenly.
Common symptoms can include headaches, seizures, nausea or vomiting, localised twitching, changes to vision or hearing, and increasing drowsiness.
A growing tumour may cause pressure within the skull, either from the tumour itself or by blocking the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.
Symptoms can also vary depending on where the tumour is located in the brain. For example, tumours in the brain stem may affect swallowing, speech or tongue movement, while tumours in the occipital region can affect vision.
Brain tumours are often classified by the type of cell in which they develop.
The main types include:
Not all brain tumours are cancerous. Many brain tumours are benign, meaning they are not malignant. However, even benign tumours can still be serious because of their position within the brain and the pressure they can place on surrounding tissue.
In many cases, benign tumours can be successfully treated or removed through surgery.
A brain tumour diagnosis can affect far more than treatment and appointments. Many people tell us the emotional, practical and long-term impact is often unseen by others.
The hidden impact can touch every part of life — from the moment of diagnosis, through treatment and beyond — affecting relationships, work, independence and mental health in ways that others don't always see.
If you recognise your own experience, or want to understand more about the support available at every stage, you are not alone.
Explore support for every stage
Elena was diagnosed with a brain tumour at nineteen, just as she was about to start university. She shares how that moment changed her life, the long-term impact of her diagnosis and why ongoing support continues to matter.
Read Elena’s storyIf you’re unsure where to begin, our Support Team is here to listen and help you explore the support available for you or someone close to you.
☎ 01454 422 701 (Monday – Friday, 9 am – 5 pm)
Our services are free and confidential. If you’d prefer, you can complete our request support form at any time and a member of the team will be in touch.
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